BODY SYSTEMS

1. Substances that help break large food particles into smaller ones are
A. enzymes C. nutrients
B. amino acids D. fatty acids

2. In human beings, most of the digestion occurs in the
A. esophagus C. small intestine
B. liver D. mouth

3. The wavelike contractions of the alimentary canal is
A. salivation C. peristalsis
B. periodontitis D. none of these

4. Salivary secretion occurs when
A. food is ingested in the mouth
B. a person sees or smell foods
C. churning
D. a person swallows

5. Maltose is converted to glucose in the
A. esophagus C. stomach
B. mouth D. small intestine

6.The following are substances directly absorbed bu the bloodstream in the small intestine except
A. alcohol C. starch
B. water D. medicine

7. After digestion, blood sugar level
A. increases C. remains the same
B. decreases D> none of these

8. What causes human beings to be hungry?
A. contractions of the large intestine
B. contractions of the stomach
C. secretion of acid into the bloodstream
D. secretion of bile from the gallbladder

9. Digestive glands are classified as exocrine glands because they release their secretions into the
A. liver C. ducts
B. blood D. duodenum

10. What is the effect if a person’s liver stop functioning?
A. Fats will not be broken down into smaller droplets
B. Protein cannot be changed into amino acids
C. Starch cannot be changed into sugar
D. Vitamins and minerals will not be absorbed in the small intestine

11. Absorption of salt and water is the principal function of which region
A. stomach C. anus
B. duodenum D. large intestine

12. Starch that escapes digestion in the mouth can be digested in the
A. esophagus C. small intestine
B. stomach D. large intestine

13. The stomach lining is not “eaten up: by HCl because of the following reasons except
A. mucus us secreted by the stomach lining
B. presence of food dilutes the otherwise very harmful effects of HCl
C. stomach lining is quickly replaced
D. stomach wall is made up of strong muscular wall

14. Vomitting occurs when
A. food additives irritate the lining of the stomach
B. the valve to the esophagus opens
C. food ingested is greater than what the stomach can hold
D. all of the above

15. In humans, digestion of food is completed in the
A. mouth C. stomach
B. small intestine D. large intestine

16. Which of these organs lie in the left upper area of the abdomen?
A. spleen C. cecum
B. liver D. ascending colon

17. All of these structures touch the dome of the diaphragm except the
A. liver C. esophagus
B. stomach D. gallbladder

18. During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are elevated to close off the
A. laryngopharynx C. parapharynx
B. oropharynx D. gallbaladder

19. During swallowing, the _____ is pushed backward by the tongue to cap the glottis so ffod does not go down the larynx
A. thyroid C. epiglotis
B. arytenoids D. cricoid

20. Which of the following is not a structural component of the large intestine?
A. taeniae coli C. haustra
B. ileum D. epiploic appendages

21. Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum could occur in which part of the body?
A. salivary glands C. nasal cavity
B. esophagus D. tongue

22. As the food in the stomach is repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric juice, it is converted into a semi-fluid paste called
A. bolus C. bile
B. chime D. feces

23. Which is not a function of saliva
A. initiates protein digestion
B. acts as solvent in cleansing teeth
C. lubricates the pharynx
D. assists in formation of bolus

24. The middle portion of the small intestine is the
A. duodenum C. jejunum
B. ileum D. pyloric sphincter

25. The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is the ______ sphincter
A. pyloric C. hepatopancreatic
B. cardiac D. ileocecal

26. Which later of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for peristalsis?
A. serosa C. muscularis
B. mucosa D. submucosa

27. ______ is an accessory organ that secretes a substance that is enzymatic and antibacterial in nature?
A. liver C. tongue
B. salivary gland D. gallbladder

28. All arteries in the body contain oxygen rich blood with the exception of
A. the aorta C. the renal artery
B. pulmonary arteries D. coronary arteries

29. Is the blood and example of a cell or a tissue? Why?
A. cell, because the blood consists of only one type of cell
B. cell, because the blood is a component of the transport system
C. tissue, because it is made up of several kinds of cells
D. tissue, because the blood cells are dispersed in a liquid medium

30. How does lymph differ from blood?
A. lymph always flows in tubes
B. Lymph moves directly through spaces between some cells of the body
C. lymph carries food and oxygen to some parts of the body
D. Lymph removes waste materials and carbon dioxide from some parts of the body

31. The process by which the composition of the blood is kept constant is an example of
A. assimilation C. dialysis
B. circulation D. homeostasis

32. Suffocation turn the victim’s skin blue. The reason for this is
A. blood lost oxygen in favor of nitrogen
B. blood lost carbon dioxide
C. blood lost oxygen in favor of carbon dioxide
D. blood lost hemoglobin

33. Read the following sentences carefully and determine the logical order that takes place in the heart.
A. blood passes through the tricuspid valve
B. blood releases the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen in the lungs
C. blood then pours into the right atrium
D. then the blood enters the left ventricle and unto the aorta for the delivery of blood to cells
E. It goes back to the heart through the pulmonary veins
F. It enters the right ventricle
G. Deoxygenated blood enters the inferior and superior vena cava
H. Blood is now oxygenated
I. the blood is poured into the left atrium
J. Blood rushes to the pulmonary artery

The correct sequence of the events is
A. a,I,d,c,f,j,e,b,g,h
B. g,I,a,f,j,b,e,h,c,d
C. g,c,a,f,j,b,h,e,I,d
D. a,f,g,b,h,d,I,c,e,j

34. The semilunar valves lie between the
A. atria and ventricles C. two ventricles
B. atria and vena cava D. ventricles and great arteries
35. The nutrient (oxygenated) blood supply to the lungs is provided by the
A. pulmonary arteries C. pulmonary veins
B. aorta D. bronchial areteries

36. Blood is carried to the capillaries in the myocardium through the
A. coronary sinus C. coronary arteries
B. fossa ovalis D. coronary veins

37. Oxygen poor blood returns to the heart and enters the
A. right atrium C. left ventricle
B. left atrium D. right ventricle

38. During ventricular systole, blood exits the heart to enter the
A. aorta C. pulmonary veins
B. pulmonary trunk D. both a and b

39. Functionally, why are there no valves in arteries?
A. valves only direct blood toward the heart and arterial blood passes away from the heart
B. valves would tear apart from high arterial pressure
C. since arteries get more asterioscleroses, valves would cause lethal blood clotting
D. the blood pressure in arteries is high enough that there is no backflow of blood

40. The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they mature are the
A. leukocytes C. platelets
B. erythrocytes D. thrombocytes

41. When the ventricles contract, the
A. bicuspid valve opens and the tricuspid valve does
B. tricuspid valve opens and the bicuspid valve closes
C. bicuspid and tricuspid valves open
D. bicuspid and tricuspid valves close

42. When the pulse is taken on the thumb side of the wrist area, the artery that is felt is the
A. brachial C. radial
B. median cubital D. ulnar

43. Antibodies are
A. proteins produced by B cells
B. proteins produced by T cells
C. proteins on the surface of a disease agents
D. drugs used to kill bacteria

44. Which of the following cells kill disease agents by poking a hole through the membrane of the agents
A. B lymphocytes C. macrophages
B. cytoxic T lymphocytes D. mast cells

45. It is the organ that is a part of both the endocrine and the lymphatic systems
A. spleen C. tonsils
B. pancreas D. thymus

46. The heart chambers carry deoxygenated blood are
A. right and left atria
B> the right and left ventricles
C. the right atrium and right ventricle
D. the left atrium and the left ventricle

47. The vessel that returns blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava is the
A. celiac vein C. hepatic portal vein
B. hepatic vein D. renal vein

49. These are round, disc shaped cells devoid of nuclei that carry oxygen
A. white blood corpuscles C. red blood corpuscles
B. blood platelets D. antibodies

50. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported with hemoglobin
A. as dissolved gas C. as carbonic acid
B. as bicarbonate ion D. as calcium carbonate

51. The ____ have blood with the lowest pressure
A. arteries C. capillaries
B. arterioles D. venules

52. The interstitial fluid that accumulates outside the capillaries is returned to the heart by a separate system of vessels called the ____ system
A. circulatory C. digestive
B> lymphatic D. endocrine
53. Hemoglobin is used as oxygen carrier in which of the following animal groups?
A. insects C. vertebrates
B. annelids D. both b and c

54. The diameter of a capillary is about the same as that of a/an
A. arteriole C. red blood cell
B. nerve D. valve

55. In the human heart, blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the
A. left atrium C. pulmonary circulation
B. right atrium D. systematic circulation

For nos 57 – 60, choose from the ff options:
A. X is true and Y is false C. X and Y are both true
B. X is false and Y is true D. X and Y are both false

57. X. oxygen is taken up in the body during inhalation
Y. Oxygen is delivered to the tissue by respiration

58. X. Lungs are organs of respiration
Y. They are situated in the abdominal cavity

59. X. Kidney stores urine
Y. It is an organ where blood is oxygenated

60. X. Alveoli are tiny sacs at the end of the bronchioles
Y. They have thin and moist walls to permit faster diffusion of gases.

61. A long term smoking habit can destroy the cilia along the lining of the air passage. How might this effect a smoker’s health?
A. He/she cannot breathe
B. He/she cannot filter the air pollutants
C. Air cannot pass through
D. The egg cannot move through the fallopian tube

62. Many fishes lack urinary bladder but urinary bladder are found in amphibians and all higher vertebrates. What is the advantage of having a urinary bladder?
A. it filters urine C. it stores urine
B. it houses an embryo D. none of the above

63. Normal urine contains some
A. some glucose C. some protein
B. some cells D. some salts

64. During extreme dehydration, the human body secretes ADH (anti diuretic hormone) in order to
A. increase appetite C. inhale air
B. reabsorb more water D. excrete more urine

65. When an individual lacks the ability to produce insulin, there is likely to be
A. salt in the blood C. sugar in the bone
B. glycogen in the liver D. sugar in the urine

66. Which of the following occurs when the bladder is filled with urine?
A. smooth muscles relax C. smooth muscles contract
B. it secretes hormones D. Urethra elongates

67. Which is the filtering unit of the kidney?
A. bladder C. nephron
B/ capillaries D. urethra

68. The lower side of the lung cavity is formed by the
A. diaphragm C. stomach
B. esophagus D. ribs

69. Which of these regions of the nephron is closest to the glomerulus?
A. collecting duct C. distral convoluted tubule
B. proximal convoluted tubule D. nephron loop

70. Urine passed through the
A. kidney hilus to the bladder to the ureter
B. renal pelvis to ureter to bladder to urethra
C. glomerulus to ureter to nephron
D. hilus to urethra to bladder

71. Which is not a component of the urinary system?
A. urethra C. adrenal gland
B. urinary bladder D. kidney

72. Which of the following statements is flase concerning the human kidneys?
A. they are retroperitoneal
B. they each contain renal pyramids
C. They have a distinct cortex and medulla region
D. they are positioned between the third and the fifth lumbar vertebrae

73. Which is not a structure of the respiratory system?
A. bronchus C. trachea
B. nasal cavity D. esophagus

74. The loudness of a vocal sound is determined by
A. tense vocal cords C. the length of the vocal cords
B. relaxed vocal cords D. force that sir passes

75. The term respiration refers to
A. ventilation
B. gas exchange within the lungs
C. oxygen utilization within the cells
D. all of the above

76. The hormone present in the urine of a pregnant woman is
A. HCG C. LH
B. FSH D. ADH

77. The mineral deposits precipitatd out of urine that has become too concentrated are
A. salts C. stones
B. mineralized sugar D. none of the above

78. The saclike cavity where the points of the pyramid extend to where urine is secreted is
A. cortex C. glomerulus
B. medulla D. pelvis

79. A passageway for both air and food is the
A. trachea C. larynx
B. pharynx D. bronchi

80. The entrance and exit of air in the human body is accomplished by mechanical process called
A. breathing C. excretion
B. ventilation D. eliminations

81. Which of the following structures us the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
A. alveoli C. bronchioles
B. bronchi D. trachea

82. The gas needed to turn to usable energy is
A. nitrogen C. carbon dioxide
B. oxygen D. hydrogen

83. Which of the following factors does not affect the breathing rate?
A. sex C. age
B. activity D. food

84. It is an instrument for viewing existing stones in the kidney
A. stethoscope C. scalpel
B. cytoscope D. periscope

85. The covering of the lungs that secretes mucus
A. peritoneal membranes C. myocardial membrane
B. Pleural membranes D. semipermeable membrane

86. The following factors effect the faster rate of urination except
A. pregnancy C. excitement
B. intake of iquid D. depressants

87. After an accident, a person could not move his right arm but could feel sensations of pain and pressure in the area. Which of the following has most likely been injured?
A. cerebrum C. sensory nerve
B. motor nerve D. spinal cord

88. what is the function of the sense organs?
A. to receive the stimulus C. transmit messages to the CNS
B. react to stimulus D. all of the above

89. Impulses leave a neuron via
A. dendrite C. neurolemma
B. axons D. call body

For numbers 90 – 93, match the type of receptor on the right with the sense organ.

90. skin of snakes A. thermoreceptor
91. retina B. mechanoreceptor
92. nose C. chemoreceptor
93. hair cells D. photoreceptor

94. An advantage of having the endocrine system as well as the nervous system involved in the flight or flight response is that
A. the endocrine responds faster
B. the endocrine response usually lasts longer
C. the endocrine systems affects only the largest organs whose response is needed to meet the emergency
D. the response of the endocrine system frees the nervous system to think of the way out of the situation instead of simply maintaining the body in the alert state

95. All of the following conditions serve as signals that stimulates hormone secretion except
A. conditions outside the body
b. rising level of another hormone
C. rising level of the hormones in question
D. falling levels of another hormone

97. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is released from the anterior pituitary in response to low levels of thyroxine in the blood. Higher levels of thyroxin reduce the release of TSH. This regulation of levels of TSH and thyroxin is
A. hormone secretions C. iodine deficiency
B. feedback mechanism D. metabolism

98. glycogen is converted back to glucose during an emergency by the hormone
A. pancreatin C. estrogen
B. insulin D. glucagons

99. The hormones responsible for the flight-and-flight reaction are
A. glucagons and insulin C. adrenalin and nonadrenalin
B. thyroxin and cakcitonin D. estrogen and progesterone

100. The myelin sheath around the axons of vertebrate neurins
A. is rich in lipids because it is formed by many layers of membranes
B. is produced inside the axon and extruded out of the membrane
C. is continuous along the length of the axon
D. is a secretory product of glial cells

101. The parasympathetic nervous system
A. is part of the central nervous system, located in the spinal cord
B. predominates over the sympathetic system in times of stress
C. tends to lower blood pressure and to slow the heartbeat rate of breathing
D. is composed of sensory neutrons running parallel to the motor neutrons

102. The correct pathway of a nerve impulse is
A. synapse, cell body, dendrites, axons
B. axon, cell body, synapse, dentrite
C. dentrite, cell body, synapse, dentrite
D. dentrite, cell body, axon, synapse

103. What is the possible consequence to damage of the descending tracts within the spinal cord?
A. lack of skin sensation C. inability to taste or smell
B. heart beat stops D. paralysis to limbs

104. An example of a chemical released by the presynaptic membrane of a neuron is a/an
A. antibody C. enzyme
B. neurotransmitter D. cytokinin

105. The well known anti depressant functions in the brain to increase levels of serotonin transmitter by
A. inhibiting the enzyme breakdown of serotonin transmitter
B. decreasing the synthesis of serotonin transmitter
C. increasing the synthesis of serotonin transmitter
D. inhibiting the binding serotonin with postsynaptic receptor

106. The nerve impulse is a
A. release of transmitter at presynaptic membrane
B. movement of calcium ions along the neuron
C. wave of depolarization along the neuron
D. change in the local environment of sensory receptor

107. Cerebral stroke can be life threatening because
A. activity of the pituitary gland is put in jeopardy
B. stress hormones are allowed to increase heartbeat
C. nutrients cannot get vital areas of the brain
D. it may cause inability to maintain body temperature

108. It is a component of the CNS which contains sensory motor reflex center to know where our body parts are and to react quickly to changes in body temperature
A. brain stem C. cerebellum
B. hypothalamus D. inner ear

109. When you stand after having sat on a chair for a while, what change in the internal environment sets off a sensory/motor reflex to increase heartbeat?
A. rise in oxygen levels in blood vessels
B. decrease in pressure in neck blood vessels
C. decease in carbon dioxide levels in blood vessels
D. increase in pressure in neck blood vessels

110. Which of the following has the highest degree of structural organization?
A. brain stem C. neurons
B. axons and dendrites D. neurotransmitters

111. Heat conserving measures under control of the neuroendocrine system which are at work to maintain your body temperature during winter months include
A. decrease in heartbeat and breathing
B. reduction in sugar and fatty acid metabolism
C. constriction in sugar and fatty acid metabolism
D. dilation of blood vessels increase skin blood flow

112. ____ is used to determine metabolically active regions where glucose is taken up and broken down for energy
A. X-ray tomography
B. Magnetic resonance imaging
C. CT scan
D. positron emission transmission

113. Which is a stimulatory activity of automatic nerves in a situation of “flight or flight” where an individual confrons and reacts to a dangerous situation?
A. increase of G/I movement and digestion
B. dilation of blood vessels to reduce pressure
C. motor targeting of the heart
D. reduction in breathing rate

114. The endocrine response in a flight or flight situation where muscles need extra energy is the result of the
A. release of pituitary hormones
B. automatic nerves activating adrenals resulting in elevated blood sugar
C. release of thyroid hormone
D. hypothalamus being stimulated by sensory stimuli

115. The final step in the development of sperm cell is called
A. seprmiogenesis C. oogenesis
B. spermatogenensis D. spermatogonia

116. Sperm cells complete their maturation process and become fertile as they move through the
A. epidydymis C. ejaculatory duct
B. ductus deferens D. urethra

117. Although one sperm cell actually penetrates and fertilizes the ovum, ____ of sperm cells are released in an ejaculation to ensure that fertilization will take place
A. dozens C. thousands
B. hundreds D. millions

118. Which of the following could be found in the ovary?
A. oviduct C. endometrium
B. corpus luteum D. cervix

119. For fertilization to occur, sperm cells are deposited in the female’s ___. These sperm cells then enter the _____ through the opening called ____, and travel to the ___, the site of zygote formation
A. vagina, cervix, oviduct, uterus
B. cervix, vagina, uterus, oviduct
C. uterus, vagina, cervix, oviduct
D. vagina, uterus, cervix, oviduct

120. Sperm cells are stored in the _____. They ascend into the _____ prior to ejaculation, and are discharged from the penis through teh
A. seminiferous tubules, prostate gland, vas deferens
B. epidydymis, vas deferens, urethra
C. epidydymis, epidydymis, urethra
D. epidydymis, prostate gland, urethra

121. Which of the following is found in the male penis?
A. corpus carnevosa C. corpus spongiosum
B. urethra D. seminiferous tubule

122. The fertilization of human eggs most commonly occurs in what part of the female reproductive system?
A. uterus C. vagina
B. fallopian tube D. ovary

123. The hormone releases by the area of the brain known as the hypothalamus beginning at the onset of the sexual maturiety in both males and females is the
A. follicle stimulating hormone
B. lutenizing hormone
C. gonadotropin releasing hormone
D. testosterone

124. What pituitary hormone control the ovulation and production of female hormones by the ovary
A. estrogen C. human chorionic gonadotropin
B. gonadotropin releasing hormone D. FSH and LH

125. In a typical 28 day fermal reproductive cycle on which day following the beginning of the menstrual cycle is the level of LH most likely to be highest?
A. 7 B. 14 C. 21 D. 28

126. What hormone inhibits development of ovarian follicles is a common component of oral contraceptives?
A. follicle stimulating hormone
B. lutenizing hormone
C. procalatin
D. progesterone

127. The tube through which the sperm cells pass from the epidydymis to the penis is known as the
A. semineferous tubules C. corpus cavernosa
B. urethra D. vas deferens

128. Bothe sperm and egg cells are
A. gamates C. chromosomes
B. gonads D. zygote

129. In the process called ovulation,
A. a sperm cell fertilizes an egg
B. a zygote become an embryo
C. an ovum is released from the ovary
D. a follicle releases the hormone FSH

130. Specifically, sperm cells are made in the
A. follicles C. vas deferens
B. seminiferous tubules D. prostate gland

131. The hormone with the most important role in the development of male secondary characteristics is the
A. progesterone C. testosterone
B. estrogen D. LH

132. Egg cells are produced in the
A. oviduct C. vagina
B. uterus D. ovary

133. The hormone most responsible for triggering ovulation is
A. LH C. adrenalin
B. growth hormone D. estrogen

134. Select the correct stages in development
A. zygote –fetus-embryo C. zygote-embryo-fetus
B. fetus-embryo-zygote D. embryo-fetus-zygote

135. The human sperm cell and egg cell each carry ____ chromosemes
A. 13 B. 23 C. 33 D. 46